|
The following list of standard abbreviations may be used without further definition within the text (not the abstract) of your manuscript considered for publication in the RDS. See information for manuscript preparation for further details on the use of abbreviations within abstracts. For a printable version of this list use the 'Print page' link at the end of this page or download the PDF version.
| Å: angstrom (10-10 m) Ab: antibody Ag: antigen ADP: adenosine diphosphate ADPase: adenosine diphosphatase AIDS: acquired immunodeficiancy syndrome AMP: adenosine monophosphate APC: antigen presenting cell ATP: adenosine triphosphate ATPase: adenosine triphosphatase BMI: body mass index bp: base pair(s) BSA: bovine serum albumin °C: degrees Celsius cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate cal: calorie(s) CD: cluster of differentiation (in combination with numbers, CD1, CD4 etc.) cDNA: complementary DNA CFA: complete Freund's adjuvant Ci: curie(s) CI: confidence interval CNS: central nervous system CoA: coenzyme A Con A: concanavalin A cpm: counts per minute cRNA: complementary RNA CSF: colony-stimulating factor CTLA: cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen Δ: delta (change in) Da: dalton(s) DEAE: diethylaminoethyl DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid DNase: deoxyribonuclease DNP: dinitrophenyl dpm: disintegrations per minute DTT: dithiothreitol EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EGF: epidermal growth factor EGTA: ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISPOT: enzyme-linked immunospot °F: degrees Fahrenheit FAGS: flourescence-activated cell sorter (TM of Becton Dickinson and Co.) Fas: FS7-associated cell surface antigen FBS: fetal bovine serum Fc: crystallizable fragment FCS: fetal calf serum FFA: free fatty acid FGF: fibroblast growth factor FITC: flourescein isothiocyanate FMLP: formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine ft: foot, feet g: gram(s) GAD: glutamic acid decarboxylase GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor h: hour(s) HbA1: glycosylated hemoglobin A1 HBSS: Hank's balanced salt solution HDL: high density lipoprotein H&E: hematoxylin and eosin stain HEPES: N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethane sulfonic acid HGF: hepatocyte growth factor HIV: human immunodeficiency virus HLA: human leucocyte antigen HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography i.a.: intra-aterial IAA: insulin autoantibody IA: insulinoma-associated antigen IC50: inhibitory concentration of 50% ICA: islet cell antibody ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule ID50: infective dose of 50% IDDM: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IFN: interferon Ig: immunglobulin (also IgE, IgG etc.) IGF: insulin-like growth factor IL: interleukin (IL-10, IL-12 etc.) i.m.: intramuscular in.: inch(es) IR: insulin receptor IU: international unit i.v.: intravenous °K: degree(s) Kelvin kb: kilobase(s) kcal: kilocalorie(s) Ka: association constant Kd: dissociation constant Ki: inhibition constant Km: Michaelis constant kDa: kilodalton(s) | l: liter(s) LD50: 50% lethal dose LDL: low-density lipoprotein LIF: leukemia inhibitory factor LPS: lipopolysccharide m: meter(s) μm: micrometer(s) μl: microliter(s) ml: milliliter(s) M-CSF: macrophage colony-stimulating factor MEM: minimum essential medium MHC: major histocompatibility complex min: minute(s) mmHg: millimeters of mercury mo: month(s) MODY: maturity-onset diabetes of the young mol: mole(s) mol wt: molecular weigth MOPS: morpholino propane sulfonic acid Mr: relative molecular mass mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid n: number of subjects in a study group NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NF-κB: nuclear factor κB NF: nuclear factor NIDDM: non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NIH: National Institute of Health (Bethesda, Maryland, USA) NK cell: natural killer cell NOD: non-obese diabetic (mouse) no.: number P: probability PAGE: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PCR: polymerase chain reaction PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor PIPES: piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethane sulfonic acid) PMA: phorbol myristate acetate PMSF: phenylmethylsulfonyl floride RANTES: regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted RFLP: restriction fragment length polymorphism RIA: radioimmunoassay RNA: ribonucleic acid RNase: ribonuclease rpm: revolutions per minute rRNA: ribosomal ribonucleic acid RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction s.c.: subcutaneous s: second(s) SD: standard deviation SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate SE: standard error SEM: standard error of mean SSC: standard saline citrate STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription t1/2: half-life T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus TBS: Tris-buffered saline TCR: T cell receptor TGF: transforming growth factor Th cell: T helper cell TLC: thin layer chromatography TNF: tumor necrosis factor Tris: Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane tRNA: transfer ribonucleic acid U: unit(s) UV: ultraviolet V: volt(s) VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule vol: volume vs: versus W: watt(s) wk: week wt: weigth yr: year(s) |